Analysis of Turkish phonetics (values 3,6,12,15,16,17) through wals info
Project description
Analysis of Turkish phonetics (values 3,6,12,15,16,17) through wals info
Value 3 consonant-vowel ratio
Value 6 uvular consonants
Value 12 syllable structure
Value 15 weight-sensitive stress
Value 16 weight factors in weight-sensitive stress systems
Value 17 rhythm types
Go value by value do not skip or combine values
Explain the value and give an example in Turkish
0 FEATURES C Turkish
1 Consonant Inventories P Average
2 Vowel Quality Inventories P Large (7-14)
3 Consonant-Vowel Ratio P Average
4 Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives P In both plosives and fricatives
5 Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems P None missing in /p t k b d g/
6 Uvular Consonants P None
7 Glottalized Consonants P No glottalized consonants
8 Lateral Consonants P /l/, no obstruent laterals
9 The Velar Nasal P No velar nasal
10 Vowel Nasalization P Contrast absent
11 Front Rounded Vowels P High and mid
12 Syllable Structure P Moderately complex
13 Tone P No tones
14 Fixed Stress Locations P No fixed stress
15 Weight-Sensitive Stress P Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere
16 Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems P Lexical stress
17 Rhythm Types P No rhythmic stress
18 Absence of Common Consonants P All present
19 Presence of Uncommon Consonants P None
20 Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives M Exclusively concatenative
21 Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives M Monoexponential case
22 Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb M 6-7 categories per word
23 Locus of Marking in the Clause M Dependent marking
24 Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases M Double marking
25 Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology M Inconsistent or other
26 Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology M Strongly suffixing
27 Reduplication M Productive full and partial reduplication
28 Case Syncretism M No syncretism
29 Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking M Not syncretic
30 Number of Genders NC None
31 Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems NC No gender
32 Systems of Gender Assignment NC No gender
33 Coding of Nominal Plurality NC Plural suffix
34 Occurrence of Nominal Plurality NC All nouns, always obligatory
35 Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns NC Person stem + nominal plural affix
36 The Associative Plural NC Associative same as additive plural
37 Definite Articles NC No definite, but indefinite article
38 Indefinite Articles NC Indefinite word same as ‘one’
39 Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns NC No inclusive/exclusive
40 Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection NC No inclusive/exclusive
41 Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives NC Two-way contrast
42 Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives NC Different inflection
43 Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives NC Related to remote demonstratives
44 Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns NC No gender distinctions
45 Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns NC Binary politeness distinction
46 Indefinite Pronouns NC Generic-noun-based
47 Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns NC Identical
48 Person Marking on Adpositions NC No person marking
49 Number of Cases NC 6-7 cases
50 Asymmetrical Case-Marking NC Symmetrical
51 Position of Case Affixes NC Case suffixes
52 Comitatives and Instrumentals NC Identity
53 Ordinal Numerals NC First/one-th, two-th, three-th
54 Distributive Numerals NC Marked by suffix
55 Numeral Classifiers NC Optional
56 Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers NC Formally different
57 Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes NC Possessive suffixes
58 Obligatory Possessive Inflection NS Absent
59 Possessive Classification NS No possessive classification
60 Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses NS Highly differentiated
61 Adjectives without Nouns NS Without marking
62 Action Nominal Constructions NS Possessive-Accusative
63 Noun Phrase Conjunction NS ‘And’ different from ‘with’
64 Nominal and Verbal Conjunction NS Identity
65 Perfective/Imperfective Aspect VC Grammatical marking
66 The Past Tense VC Present, no remoteness distinctions
67 The Future Tense VC Inflectional future exists
68 The Perfect VC No perfect
69 Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes VC Tense-aspect suffixes
70 The Morphological Imperative VC Second singular and second plural
71 The Prohibitive VC Normal imperative + normal negative
72 Imperative-Hortative Systems VC Maximal system
73 The Optative VC Inflectional optative absent
74 Situational Possibility VC Affixes on verbs
75 Epistemic Possibility VC Affixes on verbs
76 Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking VC Overlap for both possibility and necessity
77 Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality VC Direct and indirect
78 Coding of Evidentiality VC Part of the tense system
79 Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect VC Tense
80 Verbal Number and Suppletion VC None
81 Order of Subject, Object and Verb WO SOV
82 Order of Subject and Verb WO SV
83 Order of Object and Verb WO OV
84 Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WO XOV
85 Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WO Postpositions
86 Order of Genitive and Noun WO Genitive-Noun
87 Order of Adjective and Noun WO Adjective-Noun
88 Order of Demonstrative and Noun WO Demonstrative-Noun
89 Order of Numeral and Noun WO Numeral-Noun
90 Order of Relative Clause and Noun WO Relative clause-Noun
91 Order of Degree Word and Adjective WO Degree word-Adjective
92 Position of Polar Question Particles WO Final
93 Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WO Not initial interrogative phrase
94 Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WO Mixed
95 Relationship between the Order of O and V and the Order of Adposition and NP WO OV and Postpositions
96 Relationship between the Order of O and V and the Order of RC and N WO OV and RelN
97 Relationship between the Order of O and V and the Order of Adj and N WO OV and AdjN
98 Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases SC Nominative – accusative (standard)
99 Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns SC Nominative – accusative (standard)
100 Alignment of Verbal Person Marking SC Accusative
101 Expression of Pronominal Subjects SC Subject affixes on verb
102 Verbal Person Marking SC Only the A argument
103 Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking SC Zero in all 3sg forms
104 Order of Person Markers on the Verb SC A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
105 Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb ‘Give’ SC Indirect-object construction
106 Reciprocal Constructions SC Distinct from reflexive
107 Passive Constructions SC Present
108 Antipassive Constructions SC No antipassive
109 Applicative Constructions SC No applicative construction
110 Periphrastic Causative Constructions SC Purposive but no sequential
111 Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions SC Morphological but no compound
112 Negative Morphemes SC Negative affix
113 Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation SC Both
114 Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation SC A/Cat
115 Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation SC Predicate negation also present
116 Polar Questions SC Question particle
117 Predicative Possession SC Genitive
118 Predicative Adjectives SC Nonverbal encoding
119 Nominal and Locational Predication SC Identical
120 Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals SC Impossible
121 Comparative Constructions SC Locational
122 Relativization on Subjects CS Gap
123 Relativization on Obliques CS Gap
124 ‘Want’ Complement Subjects CS Subject is left implicit
125 Purpose Clauses CS Deranked
126 ‘When’ Clauses CS Deranked
127 Reason Clauses CS Balanced/deranked
128 Utterance Complement Clauses CS Balanced/deranked
129 Hand and Arm L Different
130 Finger and Hand L Different
131 Numeral Bases L Decimal
132 Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories L 6
133 Number of Basic Colour Categories L 11
134 Green and Blue L Green vs. blue
135 Red and Yellow L Red vs. yellow
136 M-T Pronouns L M-T pronouns, paradigmatic
137 N-M Pronouns L No N-M pronouns
138 Tea L Words derived from Sinitic cha
139 Writing Systems O *
140 Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks O Logical meanings
141 Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WO [V-Neg]
142 Position of Negative Word With Respect to S, O and V WO MorphNeg
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